Open pit mining term
      Open pit: the sum of pits, steps and open channels formed by open pit mining.
      Steps: In the open pit mine, each working level is stepped in space, and each step is a step or stage. The steps of the steps are shown in Figure 1.

figure 1

      Work gang: It is a side gang composed of steps that are being mined and will be mined. Its position is not fixed and it is constantly changing as the mining work progresses.
      Non-work gang: Also known as the final side gang, it is the surface of the open-pit mine consisting of the step platform that ends the mining work, the slope surface and the inlet and outlet trenches.
      Access to the ditch: the transport path between the surface and the working level and between the various working levels.
      Open trench: Each horizontal level is the horizontal channel for the mining work line.
      Stripping ratio: The ratio of the amount of rock removed and the amount of ore produced.
      2. General procedures for open pit mining
      In general, open pit mining requires the following steps:
      (1) Ground preparation work: Eliminate various obstacles within the mining area and the location of ground facilities, such as cutting trees, diverting rivers, draining lakes, and migrating houses.
      (2) Dewatering and drainage of deposits: When mining large deposits of groundwater, pre-exclude a certain range of groundwater and take measures to intercept the inflow of groundwater to ensure the normal production of open pit mines. The dewatering and drainage work of the deposit is carried out throughout the mining period.
      (3) Mine infrastructure work: It is necessary for the production of open-pit mines to ensure production, including excavation and diversion and opening trenches, infrastructure stripping, paving transportation lines, construction of dumping sites, construction of industrial plants and hydropower facilities, etc. .
      (4) Stripping and mining: Stripping is the mining of surrounding rock and topsoil to expose the ore body; mining refers to the mining of ore with the stripping of rock and soil.
      (5) Restoration and utilization of the ground: At the end of production or production, the land occupied by open-pit mining is planned to be reclaimed or used.
      3. Open pit mining production process
      (1) Perforation: It is the first process of open-pit mining, which is to provide holes for loading explosives for the next process blasting work. The perforating equipment used includes a roller boring machine , a down-the-hole drilling rig , a rock drilling rig , a steel rope impact drilling rig, a fire drill and the like.
      (2) Blasting: It is a suitable excavation for the subsequent loading work. The blasting methods used are shallow blasting, deep hole blasting, chamber blasting, pot blasting, and external blasting.
      (3) Loading: The loading rock is loaded into the transportation container by the loading machine or directly discharged to a certain place by the excavator. The mining equipment includes mechanical shovel (excavator), bucket shovel, hydraulic shovel, and tire type front end loader.
      (4) Transportation: is the open pit and rock were transported to the beneficiation plant and waste dump. The transportation vehicle has a self-unloading mining vehicle and the like.
      4. Open pit mining
      The open-pit deposit development is to establish the ore transport route between the working level of the ground and the open pit and the working level, that is, the access to the ditch or the well. The purpose of development is to contact the normal production of open-pit mines and prepare for a new level in time.
According to the different modes of transport, to develop an open-air deposits can be divided into open up road transport, railway transport open up, open up the belt conveyor, adit exploration, development and other hoist.

These machines is used for punching and typing of metal plates in electric power, communication, automobile,